Pillar 1 of the Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR) defines the minimum capital requirements for EU credit institutions: 4.5% CET1, 6% Tier 1 capital, and 8% total capital ratio relative to risk-weighted assets (RWA). ADVISORI supports banks with compliant RWA calculation, choosing between the credit risk standardised approach and the IRB approach, and ongoing capital planning.
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We work with your institution to develop a tailored strategy for implementing all Pillar 1 requirements – from RWA calculation through capital planning to regulatory reporting.
Assessment of current capital structure, RWA methods, and regulatory ratios
Gap analysis against CRR III requirements including output floor, FRTB and SMA
Selection and implementation of optimal calculation approaches (SA vs. IRB, SA-TB vs. IMA)
Building an integrated capital planning process with stress testing
Ongoing capital ratio optimisation and preparation for regulatory examinations
"Intelligent implementation of CRD Pillar 1 minimum capital requirements is the key to sustainable capital efficiency and regulatory excellence. Our AI-supported solutions enable institutions not only to achieve regulatory compliance, but also to develop strategic capital advantages through optimized RWA calculation and predictive capital planning. By combining deep capital management expertise with advanced AI technologies, we create sustainable competitive advantages while protecting sensitive corporate data."

Head of Risk Management
We offer you tailored solutions for your digital transformation
We use advanced AI algorithms to optimize risk-weighted assets and develop automated systems for precise capital calculations.
Our AI platforms develop highly precise credit risk models with automated calibration and continuous validation.
We implement intelligent market risk systems with machine learning VaR calculation and automated risk management.
We develop intelligent operational risk systems with automated loss data analysis and AI-optimized capital calculation.
Our AI platforms automate the calculation of all buffer requirements with intelligent capital planning and predictive optimization.
We support you in the intelligent transformation of your CRD Pillar 1 compliance and the development of sustainable AI capital management capabilities.
Choose the area that fits your requirements
The Advanced IRB Approach (A-IRB) allows institutions to estimate all risk parameters internally — probability of default (PD), loss given default (LGD), exposure at default (EAD) and credit conversion factors (CCF) — using proprietary models. ADVISORI guides you from model development through supervisory approval to ongoing validation — for risk-sensitive capital management under CRR III.
The CRD combined buffer requirement defines how capital conservation buffer, countercyclical buffer, systemic risk buffer and G-SII/O-SII buffers interact under a single framework. ADVISORI advises financial institutions on buffer stacking rules, capital distribution restrictions, MDA calculation and capital conservation planning — ensuring full compliance with the CRD buffer framework.
Capital adequacy requirements under the CRD comprise the overall capital requirement from Pillar 1 minimum, SREP capital add-on (P2R), combined buffer requirement, and Pillar 2 Guidance (P2G). We support banks in supervisory capital quantification, preparation for CRD VI changes, and integration of ESG risks into the capital adequacy assessment.
The Capital Requirements Directive (CRD VI) introduces stricter requirements for governance, fit-and-proper assessments, and ESG risk management. CRD compliance requires end-to-end processes from suitability assessments through internal control systems to ongoing supervisory reporting. ADVISORI supports credit institutions with comprehensive CRD compliance: gap analysis, governance framework design, and regulatory documentation.
The CRD Capital Conservation Buffer under Art. 129 CRD V/VI requires EU credit institutions to hold 2.5% Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital above minimum requirements. When breached, the MDA (Maximum Distributable Amount) calculation triggers automatic distribution restrictions on dividends, bonuses, and AT1 coupons. ADVISORI advises on strategic buffer management, CRD VI implementation, and regulatory capital planning across the EU framework.
The Capital Requirements Directive (CRD) defines comprehensive governance requirements for credit institutions across the EU — from fit-and-proper assessments to management body composition and remuneration policies. CRD VI adds ESG governance obligations and enhanced supervisory board duties. ADVISORI supports you in fully implementing all CRD governance requirements, preparing for suitability assessments, and establishing robust internal governance structures aligned with EBA guidelines.
The countercyclical capital buffer under Art. 130 CRD (Directive 2013/36/EU) requires credit institutions to maintain an institution-specific buffer as the weighted average of applicable national CCyB rates. The calculation under Art. 140 CRD considers the geographic distribution of credit risk exposures. ADVISORI supports you with CRD-compliant buffer calculation, ESRB reciprocity requirements and implementation of CRD VI changes effective January 2026.
The Capital Requirements Directive (CRD VI) imposes comprehensive requirements on credit institutions regarding governance, authorisation, and supervision. We support banks in the strategic implementation of all CRD requirements - from fit & proper assessments and internal governance structures to supervisory interaction. Our RegTech solutions make your CRD compliance efficient and sustainable.
End-to-end consulting for implementing the CRD credit risk framework: from the reformed Standardised Approach (SA-CR) and Output Floor calculations to ECAI due diligence requirements. We support your institution in the compliant implementation of CRR III capital requirements and the strategic optimisation of your risk weighting.
The Capital Requirements Directive (CRD) is the core EU directive governing banking supervision, governance, and authorization of credit institutions. From CRD IV through CRD V to the current CRD VI, it defines the supervisory framework that each EU member state must transpose into national law. ADVISORI has been supporting banks and financial institutions with CRD implementation for over 14 years.
The CRD requires credit institutions to maintain a transparent disclosure process with clear governance. We support banks in establishing three-line quality assurance, drafting the disclosure policy and preparing for the Pillar 3 Data Hub — so your disclosure report withstands supervisory scrutiny.
The European Banking Authority (EBA) operationalises the CRD through binding guidelines on internal governance, remuneration policy, fit-and-proper assessments and ESG risk management. With CRD VI transposition due by January 2026 and the governance guidelines revision (EBA/CP/2025/20), banks face comprehensive adjustments. ADVISORI supports the structured implementation of all EBA requirements — from gap analysis and MaRisk compatibility review to supervisory dialogue.
Fit and Proper ensures that members of the management body, supervisory board and key function holders meet regulatory requirements for knowledge, experience, integrity and time commitment. With CRD VI expanding the scope to key function holders and the revised EBA/ESMA joint guidelines introducing AML/CFT competence requirements, banks face growing complexity in their suitability assessment processes. ADVISORI supports you with systematic implementation of all Fit and Proper requirements across the EU framework.
The CRD defines binding requirements for the internal governance of credit institutions – from the three lines of defence model through internal control systems to the independent compliance function. With the new EBA guidelines (EBA/CP/2025/20) and CRD VI, requirements for risk management governance, control functions, and organizational structures are tightening significantly. ADVISORI supports you with gap analysis, implementation, and ongoing monitoring of your internal governance framework aligned with EBA standards.
Directive 2013/36/EU (CRD IV) together with the CRR forms the regulatory foundation of EU banking supervision under Basel III. We support financial institutions in the full implementation of governance, SREP and Pillar 2 requirements — from gap analysis to supervisory-compliant implementation.
The German implementation of the Capital Requirements Directive IV places specific demands on governance, risk management and BaFin interaction through the KWG and MaRisk framework. We guide banks through full CRD IV compliance in Germany — from gap analysis and SREP preparation to the implementation of compliant remuneration and governance structures.
The use of internal models to calculate risk-weighted assets requires supervisory approval from the ECB and national authorities. We guide your institution through the entire IRB approval process — from model development and validation per the revised ECB guide 2025 to successful regulatory approval. With our expertise, you navigate the tightened CRD VI requirements, the output floor and internal model restrictions with confidence.
The CRD establishes binding liquidity requirements for EU banks — from the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR) to internal liquidity risk management. ADVISORI supports financial institutions with regulatory implementation, liquidity governance and building robust stress testing frameworks.
The Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) requires credit institutions to hold sufficient high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) to cover net cash outflows over a 30-day stress scenario. The minimum ratio is 100%. Under the EU implementation of Basel III through CRR/CRD, Delegated Regulation 2015/61 governs HQLA categories, inflow/outflow rates, and reporting requirements. ADVISORI supports banks with compliant LCR calculation, HQLA optimization, and supervisory reporting.
CRD Market Discipline creates transparency and trust between financial institutions and stakeholders through Pillar 3 disclosure requirements. As a leading consulting firm, we develop tailored RegTech solutions for automated disclosure processes, intelligent risk communication and strategic transparency optimisation with full IP protection.
Pillar
1 of the Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR, EU Regulation 575/2013) sets the quantitative minimum capital requirements for credit institutions in the EU. Banks must maintain three capital ratios relative to their risk-weighted assets (RWA) at all times:Common Equity Tier
1 (CET1) ratio: at least 4.5% of RWATier
1 capital ratio: at least 6% of RWATotal capital ratio: at least 8% of RWAIn addition, capital buffers apply: the capital conservation buffer (2.5%), the countercyclical capital buffer (0–2.5%, set by national authorities), and systemic buffers for globally and domestically systemically important institutions. In practice, large European banks typically maintain CET 1 ratios of 10–13%. ADVISORI supports credit institutions in monitoring and optimising these ratios on an ongoing basis.
The CRR provides two approaches for calculating credit risk RWA:1. Standardised Approach (SA, Art. 111–141 CRR): Each exposure is assigned to an exposure class (sovereigns, institutions, corporates, retail, etc.) and receives a regulatory risk weight from 0% to 150%. RWA equals the exposure amount multiplied by the risk weight.2. Internal Ratings-Based Approach (IRB, Art. 142–191 CRR): Banks use their own risk models to estimate probability of default (PD), loss given default (LGD), exposure at default (EAD), and effective maturity (M). Under Foundation IRB, the supervisor prescribes LGD and EAD; under Advanced IRB, the bank estimates all parameters itself.CRR III also introduces the output floor: IRB-based RWA may not fall below 72.5% of standardised approach RWA, limiting excessive model benefits. ADVISORI supports institutions in methodology selection and implementation of both approaches.
The Fundamental Review of the Trading Book (FRTB) fundamentally overhauls market risk capital requirements. Key changes under CRR III:New boundary between trading and banking book with stricter reclassification rulesStandardised Approach (SA-TB): Sensitivity-based approach covering delta, vega, and curvature risks, replacing previous simplified methodsInternal Model Approach (IMA): Value-at-Risk replaced by Expected Shortfall (ES), supplemented by Default Risk Charge and Residual Risk Add-onDesk-level approval: Each trading desk must pass PnL attribution tests and backtesting to use the IMAThe EU implementation timeline for FRTB includes transitional arrangements through 2027. ADVISORI supports banks in choosing between SA-TB and IMA and in implementing the required data infrastructure and risk models.
CRR III introduces the Standardised Measurement Approach (SMA) as the sole approach for operational risk, replacing all previous methods (Basic Indicator, Standardised, and AMA approaches).The SMA calculates the capital requirement in two steps:1. Business Indicator Component (BIC): Based on the Business Indicator (BI), a metric derived from interest income, fee income, and trading income. Marginal coefficients of 12%, 15%, or 18% apply depending on the BI level.2. Internal Loss Multiplier (ILM): Links the BIC to actual operational losses over the past
10 years. Institutions with above-average losses face a surcharge, while those with lower losses receive relief.For large institutions (BI > EUR
1 billion), the use of historical loss data is mandatory. ADVISORI supports SMA implementation from loss data preparation through BIC calculation to model validation.
The output floor is one of the most significant innovations of CRR III. It stipulates that RWA from internal models (IRB, IMA) may not fall below a certain percentage of standardised approach RWA.The phase-in schedule is:2025: 50% of standardised approach RWA2026: 55%2027: 60%2028: 65%2029: 70%2030: 72.5% (final level)Institutions that have previously calculated significantly lower RWA through internal models will experience material capital increases. According to EBA estimates, this primarily affects large banks with extensive IRB portfolios, whose RWA may rise by 10–20%.ADVISORI’s output floor simulation shows institutions the impact on CET1, Tier 1, and total capital ratios early, supporting strategic capital planning.
The leverage ratio is a non-risk-based metric that serves as a backstop to risk-weighted capital requirements. It is regulated under Art. 429–429g CRR.The minimum requirement is:3% Tier
1 capital relative to the total exposure measureFor global systemically important institutions (G-SIIs): an additional leverage ratio buffer of 50% of the G-SII bufferThe total exposure measure comprises on-balance-sheet assets, derivative exposures (under SA-CCR), securities financing transactions, and off-balance-sheet items. Unlike RWA-based ratios, there is no risk weighting – every exposure enters at its full nominal amount.ADVISORI advises institutions on leverage ratio calculation, total exposure measure optimisation, and minimum ratio compliance.
Pillar
1 and Pillar
2 complement each other in determining a bank’s total capital requirement:Pillar
1 (CRR Art. 92): Quantitative minimum requirements – uniform for all institutions: 4.5% CET1, 6% Tier 1, 8% total capital relative to RWA.Pillar
2 (CRD Art. 97–107): The supervisor sets institution-specific additional requirements through the SREP (Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process):Pillar
2 Requirement (P2R): Binding additional requirement, typically 1–3% CET1Pillar
2 Guidance (P2G): Supervisory expectation, not legally binding but effectively requiredThe total requirement equals: Pillar
1 + capital buffers + P2R + P2G. For a typical large European bank, this means:CET 1 minimum: 4.5% + 2.5% (buffer) + 1.5% (P2R) + 1% (P2G) = approximately 9.5%ADVISORI supports institutions with both Pillar
1 compliance and preparation for the SREP dialogue with supervisors.
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